Overview

SAC2000 is logically divided into functional modules. Each functional module performs a related set of tasks. This section briefly describes the commands in each of these modules. The full command names are used in these descriptions. Most of the commands have convenient abbreviations. See the Command Reference Manual for details.

Executive Function Module

Once you have succesfully started SAC2000, you need to know how to get rid of it! This is done with the QUIT command. END, EXIT, and DONE are also allowed so you shouldn't have any problems.

FUNCGEN lets you generate various functions in memory. It is useful for testing the other commands on known functions.

DATAGEN lets you read sample data from three events (one local, one regional, and one teleseismic) into memory. This lets you play with some real seismic data while you are getting your own data converted to the SAC data file format.

There are several commands that give you information about SAC2000:
NEWS prints out general information about the latest version of SAC2000, HELP and SYNTAX give you information about a specific command, and REPORT gives you the current values of important parameters. SAC2000 has an extensive macro capability that is described in a later section. It lets you execute a set of SAC commands by putting them in a file. You can define arguments complete with default values, perform simple arithmetic calculations, store and retrieve information, and control the flow of command execution with if-tests and do-loops.

MACRO executes a macro file.

SETMACRO defines the search path to be used to find a macro file.

INSTALLMACRO lets you make a macro available for use by anyone else on your system.

You can store (SETBB) and retrieve (GETBB) information and do arithmetic calculations (EVALUATE) using the ``blackboard.'' You can also save (WRITEBBF) and restore (READBBF) information in the blackboard into a disk file.

Other commands that are useful in a macro include the ability to send a message to the terminal (MESSAGE), echo commands to the terminal (ECHO), and temporarily suspend the execution of a macro (PAUSE).

You can write your own SAC command in FORTRAN or C routines that can be loaded into SAC2000 (LOAD), and executed thereafter just like an indiginous SAC command (see Notes and external_interface in aux/external).
TRACE can be used to have SAC2000 trace header and blackboard variables, reporting to the screen when a variable changes values.
TRANSCRIPT controls SAC2000's transcription capabilities, saving commands, and/or error messages, and/or warnings, and/or other output to a text file.
COMCOR provides command correction. When SAC2000 detects an error during the course of executing a command, if this option is set, SAC2000 will allow the user to correct the command and continue execution.
CD changes SAC2000's current working directory.

Finally, you can execute operating system commands while running SAC2000 (SYSTEMCOMMAND) and reinitialize SAC2000 to its default state (INICM).

Condition Execution Module

Data File Module

This module is used to read, write, and access SAC data files. These data files are described in detail in a later section.

READ reads data files from disk into memory and WRITE writes the data currently in memory to disk.

CUT defines how much of a data file is to be read.

READERR controls errors that occur while files are being read and CUTERR controls errors due to bad cut parameters.

Each data file has a header which describes the contents of the file. You can read and write these headers without the data using READHDR and WRITEHDR.

You can also list the contents (LISTHDR), change values (CHNHDR), and copy header values from one file to the others in memory (COPYHDR).

The SYNCHRONIZE command changes the headers in memory so that they all have the same reference time. You must first use this command before using the CUT command on files with different reference times.

You can use READALPHA to read almost any alphanumeric data file directly into SAC2000.

The read commands let you use wildcard characters to easily read in groups of files that contain the same pattern of characters.

The WILD command controls certain aspects of this wildcard filename expansion.

The SAC data file is stored in binary format for fast reading and writing. There is also an alphanumeric equivalent of this binary format. This is useful when transfering SAC data files from one kind of computer to another kind.

CONVERT can be used to convert between the binary and alphanumeric formats.
READCSS reads CSS 3.0 formatted flat files. Preferences for the way picks are read in are set in a preferences file but can be modified using the PICKAUTHOR and PICKPHASE command.
WRITECSS writes the data to flat files.
WRITECSS is currently not working as comprehensively as READCSS.
DELETECHANNEL allows you to delete one or more files from memory.
READSDD and WRITESDD allow reading and writing of SDD data files.

Spectral Analysis Module

You can do a discrete Fourier transform (FFT) and an inverse transform (IFFT). You can also compute the amplitude and unwrapped phase of a signal (UNWRAP). This is an implementation of the algorithm due to Tribolet.
There is a set of Infinite Impulse Response filters (BANDPASS, BANDREJ, LOWPASS, and HIGHPASS), a Finite Impulse Response filter (FIR), an adaptive Wiener filter ( WIENER), and two specialized filters (BENIOFF and KHRONHITE) used at LLNL. CORRELATE computes the auto- and cross-correlation functions.
CONVOLVE computes the auto- and cross-convolution functions.
The FFT and UNWRAP commands produce spectral data in memory.
You can plot this spectral data (PLOTSP), write it to disk as ``normal'' data (WRITESP), and read in back in again (READSP). You can also perform integration (DIVOMEGA) and differentiation (MULOMEGA) directly in the frequency domain.
HANNING applies a "hanning" window to each data file.
HILBERT applies a Hilbert transform.
ENVELOPE computes the envelope function using a Hilbert transform.
KEEPAM keeps amplitude component of spectral files (of either the AMPH or RLIM format) in SAC memory.

Unary Operations Module

The commands in this module perform some arithmetic operation on each data point of the signals in memory. You can add a constant (ADD), subtract a constant (SUB), multiply by a constant (MUL), or divide by a constant (DIV). You can square each data point (SQR), take the square root (SQRT), or take the absolute value (ABS). You can take the natural (LOG) or base 10 (LOG10) logarithm of each data point. You can also compute the exponential (EXP) or base 10 exponential (EXP10) of each data point. Lastly you can perform integratation (INT) and differentation (DIF).

Binary Operations Module

These commands perform operations on pairs of data files.

MERGE merges (concantenates) a set of files to the data in memory.

ADDF adds a set of data files to the data in memory.

SUBF subtracts a set of data files from the ones in memory.

MULF multiplies a set of data files by the data in memory.

DIVF divides the data in memory by a set of files.

BINOPERR controls errors that can occur during these binary operations.

Signal Correction Module

These commands let you perform certain signal correction operations.

RQ removes the seismic Q factor from spectral data.

RTREND and RMEAN remove the linear trend and the mean from data respectively.

RGLITCHES removes glitches and timing marks.

TAPER applies a symmetric taper to each end of the data and SMOOTH applies an arithmetic smoothing algorithm.

STRETCH upsamples data, including an optional interpolating FIR filter, while

DECIMATE downsamples data, including an optional anti-aliasing FIR filter.

You can interpolate evenly or unevenly spaced data to a new sampling interval using the INTERPOLATE command.
LINEFIT computes the best straight line fit to the data in memory and writes the results to header blackboard variables.
QUANTIZE converts continuous data into its quantized equivalent.
REVERSE reverses the order of data points.
Finally, you can rotate pairs of data components through a specified angle with the ROTATE command.

Event Analysis Module

This module is used to pick seismic phases.

An automatic phase picking algorithm can be applied using APK.

You can also use PPK to pick phases using the graphics cursor. ( PPK is described in the section on Graphics Capabilities).

These picks can be saved in HYPO format using the OHPF (open HYPO pick file) and CHPF (close HYPO pick file) commands; WHPF writes auxiliary cards into the HYPO pick file. These picks can also be saved in a more general Alphanumeric format using the OAPF (open alphanumeric pick file) and CAPF (close alphanumeric pick file) commands. The picks are also saved in the headers.

Signal Measurement Module

These commands measure and ``mark'' selected attributes about the data in memory. These marks are stored in the headers.

MARKTIMES marks the data in memory with travel times from a velocity set.

MARKPTP measures and marks the maximum peak to peak amplitude.

MARKVALUE searches for and marks selected values in a signal.

MTW sets the ``measurement time window'' option.

When this option is on, the measurements are made within this window only. Otherwise the measurements are made on the entire signal.

MTW applies to the MARKPTP and MARKVALUE commands only. RMS computes the root mean square of the data within the measurement time window.

Instrument Correction Module

This module currently contains only one command, TRANSFER.

TRANSFER performs a deconvolution to remove one instrument response followed a convolution to apply another instrument response. Over 40 predefined instrument responses are available. A general instrument response can also be specified in terms of its poles and zeros.

Nerual Network Module

XYZ Data Processing Module

Frequency-waveform Spectral Analysis Module

Matlab Module

Subprocesses

A subprocess is like a small program within the larger SAC2000 program. It works like SAC2000 in many ways but the differences are such that it could not be included in the main program. Once invoked, only the commands within that subprocess plus a selected group of commands from the main SAC2000 program can be executed. The prompt changes to include the name of the subprocess. When done you can return to the main SAC2000 program using the QUITSUB command or terminate SAC2000 using the QUIT command.

Spectral Estimation Subprocess

This subprocess is for the study of stationary random processes (i.e. noise). Three spectral estimation techniques are available: the maximum entropy method, the maximum likelihood method, and the power density spectra method.

Signal Stacking Subprocess

This subprocess is for performing signal stacking with delays. The delays can be static or dynamic. Two velocity models are available. The signals can be individually weighted. Traveltimes can be computed, or read from a file. A record section plot is also part of this subprocess.

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